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Data storage device

"Spring bulldoze" redirects here. For the fictional space travel method, see Hyperspace. For the flash bulldoze brand, run across Lexar.

A SanDisk Cruzer USB bulldoze from 2011, with four GB of storage capacity

A SanDisk Ultra Flair USB drive from 2020, attached with an HP Laptop

A USB flash drive (i.e. thumb drive)[one] [note 1] is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface. It is typically removable, rewritable and much smaller than an optical disc. Most weigh less than 30 g (1 oz). Since outset appearing on the market in late 2000, as with virtually all other computer retentivity devices, storage capacities have risen while prices have dropped. As of March 2016[update], wink drives with anywhere from 8 to 256 gigabytes (GB[four]) were oftentimes sold, while 512 GB and ane terabyte (TB[5]) units were less frequent.[6] [7] As of 2018, 2 TB flash drives were the largest available in terms of storage chapters.[8] Some allow up to 100,000 write/erase cycles, depending on the exact type of retentiveness scrap used, and are thought to physically last between ten and 100 years under normal circumstances (shelf storage time[9]).

Common uses of USB flash drives are for storage, supplementary back-ups, and transferring of calculator files. Compared with floppy disks or CDs, they are smaller, faster, have significantly more capacity, and are more durable due to a lack of moving parts. Additionally, they are less vulnerable to electromagnetic interference than floppy disks, and are unharmed by surface scratches (different CDs). However, as with whatsoever flash storage, data loss from chip leaking due to prolonged lack of electrical power and the possibility of spontaneous controller failure due to poor manufacturing could make information technology unsuitable for long-term archival of information. The ability to retain data is affected by the controller's firmware, internal information back-up, and error correction algorithms.[10] [11]

Until virtually 2005, most desktop and laptop computers were supplied with floppy disk drives in addition to USB ports, but floppy disk drives became obsolete after widespread adoption of USB ports and the larger USB drive chapters compared to the "i.44 megabyte" (1440 kibibyte) 3.5-inch floppy disk.

USB flash drives apply the USB mass storage device course standard, supported natively past modern operating systems such as Windows, Linux, macOS and other Unix-similar systems, as well every bit many BIOS boot ROMs. USB drives with USB 2.0 support can store more data and transfer faster than much larger optical disc drives like CD-RW or DVD-RW drives and can be read by many other systems such equally the Xbox One, PlayStation iv, DVD players, machine entertainment systems, and in a number of handheld devices such as smartphones and tablet computers, though the electronically like SD card is amend suited for those devices, due to their standardized form cistron, which allows it to be housed inside a device without protruding.

A flash bulldoze consists of a small printed circuit lath conveying the circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected inside a plastic, metal, or rubberized example, which tin be carried in a pocket or on a key chain, for example. Some are equipped with an I/O indication LED that lights up or blinks upon access. The USB connector may be protected by a removable cap or by retracting into the torso of the drive, although it is not probable to exist damaged if unprotected. Most flash drives use a standard blazon-A USB connection allowing connexion with a port on a personal estimator, but drives for other interfaces also exist (e.thou. micro-USB and USB-C ports). USB flash drives draw power from the computer via the USB connection. Some devices combine the functionality of a portable media player with USB flash storage; they crave a bombardment but when used to play music on the go.

History [edit]

The basis for USB flash drives is wink memory, a blazon of floating-gate semiconductor retention invented by Fujio Masuoka in the early 1980s. Flash retentiveness uses floating-gate MOSFET transistors as retentivity cells.[12] [13]

Multiple individuals have staked a merits to being the inventor of the USB flash drive. On April five, 1999, Amir Ban, Dov Moran, and Oron Ogdan of K-Systems, an Israeli company, filed a patent application entitled "Compages for a Universal Serial Jitney-Based PC Flash Disk".[fourteen] [3] The patent was after granted on November 14, 2000 and these individuals take often been recognized as the inventors of the USB flash drive.[15] Also in 1999, Shimon Shmueli, an engineer at IBM, submitted an invention disclosure asserting that he had invented the USB flash bulldoze.[iii] [16] A Singaporean company named Trek 2000 International is the showtime company known to have sold a USB flash drive, and has as well maintained that information technology is the original inventor of the device.[17] Finally Pua Khein-Seng, a Malaysian engineer, has also been recognized by some as a possible inventor of the device.[18]

Given these competing claims to inventorship, patent disputes involving the USB wink drive have arisen over the years. Both Trek 2000 International and Netac Technology have accused others of infringing their patents on the USB flash drive.[19] [twenty] [21] Nonetheless, despite these lawsuits, the question of who was the starting time to invent the USB flash drive has not been definitively settled and multiple claims persist.

Technology improvements [edit]

Wink drives are often measured by the rate at which they transfer data. Transfer rates may exist given in megabytes per 2d (MB/south), megabits per second (Mbit/s), or in optical drive multipliers such every bit "180X" (180 times 150 KiB/s).[22] File transfer rates vary considerably among devices. Second generation flash drives take claimed to read at up to 30 MB/s and write at about half that rate, which was most 20 times faster than the theoretical transfer charge per unit doable past the previous model, USB 1.1, which is express to 12 Mbit/s (1.5 MB/s) with accounted overhead.[23] The effective transfer rate of a device is significantly affected past the data access blueprint.[24]

By 2002, USB flash drives had USB 2.0 connectivity, which has 480 Mbit/s as the transfer rate upper bound; after accounting for the protocol overhead that translates to a 35 MB/s constructive throughput.[25] That same twelvemonth, Intel sparked widespread use of 2nd generation USB by including them inside its laptops.[26]

Past 2010, the maximum available storage chapters for the devices had reached upwards of 128 GB.[27] USB 3.0 was slow to appear in laptops. Through 2010, the majority of laptop models even so independent simply USB 2.0.[26]

In January 2013, tech company Kingston, released a flash drive with 1 TB of storage.[28] The first USB 3.1 type-C wink drives, with read/write speeds of around 530 MB/s, were appear in March 2015.[29] Past July 2016, wink drives with eight to 256 GB capacity were sold more frequently than those with capacities between 512 GB and 1 TB.[6] [7] In 2017, Kingston Engineering science announced the release of a 2-TB flash drive.[30] In 2018, SanDisk announced a 1TB USB-C flash bulldoze, the smallest of its kind.[31]

Usbkey internals.jpg
Internals of a typical USB wink drive

i USB Standard-A, "male" plug
two USB mass storage controller device
3 Test point
4 Flash memory scrap
5 Crystal oscillator
half dozen LED (Optional)
vii Write-protect switch (Optional)
8 Infinite for second flash memory flake

On a USB flash bulldoze, 1 end of the device is fitted with a unmarried Standard-A USB plug; some flash drives additionally offer a micro USB plug, facilitating data transfers between dissimilar devices.[32]

Engineering science [edit]

On a USB wink drive, i end of the device is fitted with a single USB plug; some flash drives additionally offering a micro USB plug, facilitating data transfers between dissimilar devices.

Within the plastic casing is a pocket-size printed circuit lath, which has some power circuitry and a pocket-size number of surface-mounted integrated circuits (ICs).[ commendation needed ] Typically, 1 of these ICs provides an interface between the USB connector and the onboard memory, while the other is the flash memory. Drives typically use the USB mass storage device class to communicate with the host.[33]

Flash memory [edit]

Flash memory combines a number of older technologies, with lower cost, lower power consumption and small size made possible by advances in semiconductor device fabrication technology. The memory storage was based on before EPROM and EEPROM technologies. These had limited capacity, were slow for both reading and writing, required circuitous high-voltage bulldoze circuitry, and could exist re-written only later on erasing the entire contents of the chip.

Hardware designers later developed EEPROMs with the erasure region broken up into smaller "fields" that could be erased individually without affecting the others. Altering the contents of a detail memory location involved copying the entire field into an off-scrap buffer retentivity, erasing the field, modifying the information as required in the buffer, and re-writing it into the same field. This required considerable computer support, and PC-based EEPROM flash memory systems often carried their own dedicated microprocessor organisation. Flash drives are more or less a miniaturized version of this.

The development of high-speed serial information interfaces such as USB made semiconductor memory systems with serially accessed storage viable, and the simultaneous evolution of small, high-speed, low-ability microprocessor systems allowed this to be incorporated into extremely compact systems. Series access requires far fewer electrical connections for the memory fries than does parallel access, which has simplified the manufacture of multi-gigabyte drives.

Computers admission modern[update] flash memory systems very much like difficult deejay drives, where the controller organisation has full control over where information is actually stored. The bodily EEPROM writing and erasure processes are, nonetheless, still very like to the earlier systems described above.

Many low-price MP3 players simply add extra software and a battery to a standard flash memory control microprocessor and then information technology can also serve as a music playback decoder. Most of these players can also be used as a conventional flash drive, for storing files of any type.

Essential components [edit]

The internal mechanical and electronic parts of a Kingston 2 GB flash bulldoze

There are typically five parts to a flash drive:

  • USB plug – provides a physical interface to the host computer. Some USB flash drives employ USB plug that does not protect the contacts, with the possibility of plugging it into the USB port in the wrong orientation, if the connector type is not symmetrical.
  • USB mass storage controller – a small microcontroller with a small amount of on-chip ROM and RAM.
  • NAND flash retention bit(s) – stores data (NAND flash is typically also used in digital cameras).
  • Crystal oscillator – produces the device's chief clock signal and controls the device's information output through a phase-locked loop.
  • Cover – typically made of plastic or metal, protecting the electronics confronting mechanical stress and even possible brusk circuits.

Additional components [edit]

The typical device may too include:

The front and rear side of a USB flash drive with the casing removed

  • Jumpers and exam pins – for testing during the flash bulldoze'southward manufacturing or loading code into its microcontroller.
  • LEDs – indicate data transfers or information reads and writes.
  • Write-protect switches – Enable or disable writing of data into memory.
  • Unpopulated infinite – provides space to include a 2nd retentiveness chip. Having this second space allows the manufacturer to apply a unmarried printed circuit lath for more than i storage size device.
  • USB connector cover or cap – reduces the risk of damage, prevents the entry of dirt or other contaminants, and improves overall device advent. Some wink drives apply retractable USB connectors instead. Others have a swivel arrangement so that the connector can be protected without removing anything.
  • Transport help – the cap or the body often contains a hole suitable for connection to a key chain or lanyard. Connecting the cap, rather than the body, can permit the bulldoze itself to exist lost.
  • Some drives offer expandable storage via an internal retentiveness carte du jour slot, much like a retentiveness card reader.[34] [35]

Size and style of packaging [edit]

Wink drives come in diverse shapes and sizes, sometimes bulky or novelty, such as the shape of ikura gunkan-maki.

A USB flash drive in the shape of a key

Array of USB flash drives

Most USB flash drives weigh less than xxx g (i oz).[36] While some manufacturers are competing for the smallest size,[37] with the biggest memory, offer drives only a few millimeters larger than the USB plug itself,[38] some manufacturers differentiate their products by using elaborate housings, which are frequently bulky and make the drive hard to connect to the USB port. Considering the USB port connectors on a computer housing are often closely spaced, plugging a wink drive into a USB port may block an adjacent port. Such devices may carry the USB logo only if sold with a separate extension cablevision. Such cables are USB-compatible only practice not accommodate to the USB standard.[39] [40]

USB flash drives have been integrated into other normally carried items, such as watches, pens, light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers, and even the Swiss Army Knife; others take been fitted with novelty cases such as toy cars or Lego bricks. USB wink drives with images of dragons, cats or aliens are very popular in Asia.[41] The small size, robustness and cheapness of USB wink drives brand them an increasingly popular peripheral for case modding.

File system [edit]

Most flash drives ship preformatted with the FAT32, or exFAT file systems. The ubiquity of the FAT32 file organisation allows the drive to exist accessed on near whatever host device with USB back up. Also, standard FAT maintenance utilities (e.thou., ScanDisk) can exist used to repair or retrieve corrupted data. Nonetheless, considering a flash drive appears as a USB-connected hard drive to the host system, the bulldoze can be reformatted to any file system supported past the host operating system.

Defragmenting [edit]

Flash drives can exist defragmented. There is a widespread stance that defragmenting brings little advantage (every bit in that location is no mechanical head that moves from fragment to fragment), and that defragmenting shortens the life of the drive by making many unnecessary writes.[42] However, some sources claim[43] that defragmenting a flash drive can improve performance (mostly due to improved caching of the clustered information), and the additional wear on flash drives may non be significant.

Even distribution [edit]

Some file systems are designed to distribute usage over an entire memory device without concentrating usage on any office (eastward.g., for a directory) to prolong the life of simple wink memory devices. Some USB wink drives have this 'wear leveling' feature built into the software controller to prolong device life, while others do non, then it is not necessarily helpful to install one of these file systems.[44]

Hard disk [edit]

Sectors are 512 bytes long, for compatibility with hd drives, and the first sector tin contain a main kick record and a partition table. Therefore, USB flash units can be partitioned just similar hd drives.

Longevity [edit]

The memory in flash drives was commonly engineered with multi-level prison cell (MLC) based retention that is skilful for effectually 3,000-5,000 program-erase cycles.[45] Nowadays Triple-level Cell (TLC) is also often used, which has up to 500 write cycles per concrete sector, while some high-cease flash drives have single-level jail cell (SLC) based retentiveness that is good for around thirty,000 writes.[46] There is near no limit to the number of reads from such flash retentiveness, and so a well-worn USB drive may be write-protected to aid ensure the life of individual cells.

Estimation of flash memory endurance is a challenging subject that depends on the SLC/MLC/TLC memory type, size of the wink memory chips, and bodily usage pattern. Equally a effect, a USB flash drive tin last from a few days to several hundred years.[47]

Regardless of the endurance of the memory itself, the USB connector hardware is specified to withstand simply around 1,500 insert-removal cycles.[48]

Counterfeit products [edit]

Counterfeit USB flash drives are sometimes sold with claims of having college capacities than they actually have. These are typically low capacity USB drives whose flash memory controller firmware is modified so that they emulate larger capacity drives (for example, a two GB drive existence marketed every bit a 64 GB drive). When plugged into a computer, they report themselves as being the larger capacity they were sold as, but when data is written to them, either the write fails, the drive freezes upwardly, or it overwrites existing data. Software tools exist to check and detect fake USB drives,[49] [50] and in some cases information technology is possible to repair these devices to remove the false capacity data and use its real storage limit.[51]

File transfer speeds [edit]

Transfer speeds are technically determined by the slowest of 3 factors: the USB version used, the speed in which the USB controller device can read and write data onto the flash memory, and the speed of the hardware bus, especially in the case of add together-on USB ports.

USB flash drives ordinarily specify their read and write speeds in megabytes per 2d (MB/due south); read speed is usually faster. These speeds are for optimal conditions; real-world speeds are ordinarily slower. In detail, circumstances that oft atomic number 82 to speeds much lower than advertised are transfer (particularly writing) of many small files rather than a few very large ones, and mixed reading and writing to the same device.

In a typical well-conducted review of a number of high-performance USB 3.0 drives, a drive that could read large files at 68 MB/s and write at 46 MB/southward, could only manage 14 MB/s and 0.three MB/south with many small files. When combining streaming reads and writes the speed of another drive, that could read at 92 MB/s and write at lxx MB/s, was eight MB/s. These differences differ radically from one bulldoze to another; some drives could write small files at over 10% of the speed for big ones. The examples given are chosen to illustrate extremes.[52]

Uses [edit]

Personal information send [edit]

The most common use of wink drives is to ship and store personal files, such every bit documents, pictures and videos. Individuals also shop medical information on wink drives for emergencies and disaster preparation.

Secure storage of data, application and software files [edit]

With broad deployment(s) of flash drives being used in various environments (secured or otherwise), the issue of data and information security remains important. The employ of biometrics and encryption is becoming the norm with the need for increased security for data; on-the-fly encryption systems are particularly useful in this regard, every bit they can transparently encrypt big amounts of data. In some cases a secure USB bulldoze may utilise a hardware-based encryption mechanism that uses a hardware module instead of software for strongly encrypting data. IEEE 1667 is an attempt to create a generic authentication platform for USB drives. It is supported in Windows 7 and Windows Vista (Service Pack 2 with a hotfix).[53]

Reckoner forensics and law enforcement [edit]

A contempo development for the utilize of a USB Flash Drive as an application carrier is to carry the Reckoner Online Forensic Evidence Extractor (COFEE) application adult by Microsoft. COFEE is a set of applications designed to search for and extract digital show on computers confiscated from suspects.[54] Forensic software is required not to alter, in any way, the information stored on the calculator existence examined. Other forensic suites run from CD-ROM or DVD-ROM, simply cannot store information on the media they are run from (although they can write to other attached devices, such as external drives or memory sticks).

Updating motherboard firmware [edit]

Motherboard firmware (including BIOS and UEFI) can be updated using USB flash drives. Normally, new firmware prototype is downloaded and placed onto a FAT16- or FAT32-formatted USB wink drive connected to a system which is to be updated, and path to the new firmware paradigm is selected within the update component of system'southward firmware.[55] Some motherboard manufacturers are also allowing such updates to exist performed without the need for entering system's firmware update component, making it possible to easily recover systems with corrupted firmware.[56]

Also, HP has introduced a USB floppy drive central, which is an ordinary USB flash drive with additional possibility for performing floppy drive emulation, allowing its usage for updating system firmware where direct usage of USB flash drives is non supported. Desired manner of functioning (either regular USB mass storage device or of floppy drive emulation) is made selectable by a sliding switch on the device's housing.[57] [58]

Booting operating systems [edit]

Most current PC firmware permits booting from a USB drive, allowing the launch of an operating organisation from a bootable flash drive. Such a configuration is known every bit a Live USB.[59]

Original wink memory designs had very limited estimated lifetimes. The failure machinery for flash retentivity cells is analogous to a metal fatigue mode; the device fails by refusing to write new information to specific cells that have been subject field to many read-write cycles over the device's lifetime. Premature failure of a "live USB" could be circumvented by using a wink drive with a write-lock switch every bit a WORM device, identical to a live CD. Originally, this potential failure mode limited the use of "live USB" arrangement to special-purpose applications or temporary tasks, such as:

  • Loading a minimal, hardened kernel for embedded applications (eastward.grand., network router, firewall).
  • Bootstrapping an operating arrangement install or disk cloning performance, often beyond a network.
  • Maintenance tasks, such equally virus scanning or low-level data repair, without the main host operating organisation loaded.

As of 2011[update], newer flash retention designs have much college estimated lifetimes. Several manufacturers are now offering warranties of v years or more. Such warranties should make the device more than attractive for more applications. By reducing the probability of the device'south premature failure, flash memory devices can now exist considered for apply where a magnetic deejay would commonly have been required. Wink drives accept also experienced an exponential growth in their storage chapters over time (following the Moore's Law growth curve). Equally of 2013, unmarried-packaged devices with capacities of one TB are readily available,[sixty] and devices with 16 GB capacity are very economic. Storage capacities in this range have traditionally been considered to offer adequate space, because they allow enough space for both the operating system software and some free space for the user's data.

Operating system installation media [edit]

Installers of some operating systems can be stored to a wink drive instead of a CD or DVD, including diverse Linux distributions, Windows 7 and newer versions, and macOS. In item, Mac Bone Ten 10.7 is distributed only online, through the Mac App Store, or on flash drives; for a MacBook Air with Boot Camp and no external optical drive, a flash drive can be used to run installation of Windows or Linux.

Nevertheless, for installation of Windows 7 and later versions, using USB flash drive with hard disk drive emulation as detected in PC's firmware is recommended in guild to kicking from it. Transcend is the merely manufacturer of USB wink drives containing such feature.

Furthermore, for installation of Windows XP, using USB wink drive with storage limit of at most 2 GB is recommended in club to boot from it.

Windows ReadyBoost [edit]

In Windows Vista and later on versions, ReadyBoost characteristic allows wink drives (from iv GB in case of Windows Vista) to augment operating organization retentivity.[61]

Application carriers [edit]

Flash drives are used to carry applications that run on the host computer without requiring installation. While any standalone awarding tin in principle be used this way, many programs store data, configuration data, etc. on the hard drive and registry of the host computer.

The U3 company works with drive makers (parent company SanDisk as well as others) to deliver custom versions of applications designed for Microsoft Windows from a special flash bulldoze; U3-uniform devices are designed to autoload a card when plugged into a computer running Windows. Applications must be modified for the U3 platform not to leave whatsoever data on the host machine. U3 also provides a software framework for independent software vendors interested in their platform.

Ceedo is an alternative product, with the central divergence that it does not require Windows applications to exist modified in order for them to exist carried and run on the drive.

Similarly, other application virtualization solutions and portable application creators, such as VMware ThinApp (for Windows) or RUNZ (for Linux) tin be used to run software from a wink drive without installation.

In October 2010, Apple Inc. released their newest iteration of the MacBook Air, which had the system's restore files contained on a USB hard drive rather than the traditional install CDs, due to the Air not coming with an optical drive.[62]

A wide range of portable applications which are all gratis of accuse, and able to run off a figurer running Windows without storing annihilation on the host estimator's drives or registry, can exist found in the listing of portable software.

Backup [edit]

Some value-added resellers are now using a flash drive every bit function of small-business organisation turnkey solutions (east.g., point-of-sale systems). The drive is used equally a backup medium: at the close of business concern each night, the drive is inserted, and a database backup is saved to the drive. Alternatively, the drive tin be left inserted through the business day, and information regularly updated. In either case, the drive is removed at night and taken offsite.

  • This is simple for the stop-user, and more than likely to be done.
  • The drive is pocket-size and convenient, and more than probable to exist carried off-site for safety.
  • The drives are less fragile mechanically and magnetically than tapes.
  • The chapters is often big enough for several fill-in images of disquisitional information.
  • Flash drives are cheaper than many other backup systems.

Wink drives as well have disadvantages. They are like shooting fish in a barrel to lose and facilitate unauthorized backups. A bottom setback for flash drives is that they accept just one tenth the chapters of hard drives manufactured effectually their time of distribution.

Password Reset Disk [edit]

Password Reset Disk is a feature of the Windows operating system. If a user sets upwards a Password Reset Disk, it can be used to reset the countersign on the computer it was set up on.

Audio players [edit]

A contemporary thumb drive styled solid-state digital sound player (Sony Walkman B180 Serial)

Many companies make small solid-state digital audio players, essentially producing wink drives with sound output and a simple user interface. Examples include the Creative MuVo, Philips GoGear and the commencement generation iPod shuffle. Some of these players are true USB flash drives besides as music players; others do not support general-purpose data storage. Other applications requiring storage, such equally digital voice or sound recording, can besides be combined with flash drive functionality.[63]

Many of the smallest players are powered by a permanently fitted rechargeable battery, charged from the USB interface. Fancier devices that office as a digital audio thespian have a USB host port (type A female typically).

Media storage and marketing [edit]

The German band Wizo'south Stick EP, released in 2004, was the outset album released on a USB stick.

Digital audio files can be transported from one computer to another like any other file, and played on a uniform media role player (with caveats for DRM-locked files). In addition, many home Hi-Fi and machine stereo head units are now equipped with a USB port. This allows a USB flash drive containing media files in a diversity of formats to be played directly on devices which support the format. Some LCD monitors for consumer HDTV viewing accept a dedicated USB port through which music and video files can also be played without use of a personal computer.

Artists have sold or given away USB wink drives, with the first example believed to be in 2004 when the German punk band Wizo released the Stick EP, only as a USB drive. In improver to five high-bitrate MP3s, information technology also included a video, pictures, lyrics, and guitar tablature.[64] Later on, artists including Nine Inch Nails and Kylie Minogue[65] accept released music and promotional material on USB flash drives. The beginning USB anthology to be released in the UK was Osculation Does... Rave, a compilation anthology released past the Buss Network in April 2007.[66]

Brand and product promotion [edit]

The availability of inexpensive flash drives has enabled them to exist used for promotional and marketing purposes, particularly within technical and estimator-industry circles (eastward.g., engineering science merchandise shows). They may be given away for free, sold at less than wholesale price, or included as a bonus with another purchased product.

Usually, such drives will be custom-stamped with a company'south logo, every bit a form of advertising. The bulldoze may be blank, or preloaded with graphics, documentation, web links, Flash animation or other multimedia, and free or demonstration software. Some preloaded drives are read-only, while others are configured with both read-just and user-writable segments. Such dual-division drives are more than expensive.[67]

Flash drives tin be ready upwardly to automatically launch stored presentations, websites, articles, and any other software immediately on insertion of the drive using the Microsoft Windows AutoRun feature.[68] Autorunning software this mode does not work on all computers, and it is normally disabled past security-conscious users.

Arcades [edit]

In the arcade game In the Groove and more normally In The Groove two, flash drives are used to transfer high scores, screenshots, trip the light fantastic toe edits, and combos throughout sessions. As of software revision 21 (R21), players can also store custom songs and play them on whatever machine on which this feature is enabled. While use of flash drives is common, the bulldoze must be Linux uniform.

In the arcade games Pump it Upward NX2 and Pump information technology Up NXA, a particularly produced flash drive is used as a "save file" for unlocked songs, too as for progressing in the WorldMax and Brain Shower sections of the game.

In the arcade game Dance Dance Revolution X, an exclusive USB flash bulldoze was made by Konami for the purpose of the link characteristic from its Sony PlayStation 2 counterpart. Nevertheless, any USB wink drive can be used in this arcade game.

Conveniences [edit]

Flash drives employ little power, have no fragile moving parts, and for most capacities are small and light. Data stored on flash drives is impervious to mechanical stupor, magnetic fields, scratches and dust. These properties make them suitable for transporting information from place to place and keeping the information readily at hand.

Flash drives too store information densely compared to many removable media. In mid-2009, 256 GB drives became available, with the ability to concord many times more than data than a DVD (54 DVDs) or fifty-fifty a Blu-ray (x BDs).[69]

Flash drives implement the USB mass storage device class and then that almost modern operating systems can read and write to them without installing device drivers. The flash drives present a unproblematic block-structured logical unit of measurement to the host operating arrangement, hiding the individual complex implementation details of the various underlying wink memory devices. The operating organisation tin use whatever file system or block addressing scheme. Some computers tin can boot upwardly from flash drives.

Specially manufactured flash drives are available that have a tough rubber or metal casing designed to be waterproof and virtually "unbreakable". These flash drives retain their memory after being submerged in water, and fifty-fifty through a car wash. Leaving such a flash drive out to dry out completely earlier allowing electric current to run through information technology has been known to result in a working bulldoze with no future problems. Channel Five'due south Gadget Show cooked one of these flash drives with propane, froze it with dry ice, submerged it in various acidic liquids, ran over information technology with a jeep and fired it against a wall with a mortar. A company specializing in recovering lost data from estimator drives managed to recover all the information on the drive.[70] All information on the other removable storage devices tested, using optical or magnetic technologies, were destroyed.

Comparison with other portable storage [edit]

Punched cards in storage at a U.S. Federal records center in 1959. All the information visible here could fit on a single flash bulldoze.

Tape [edit]

The applications of current data tape cartridges hardly overlap those of flash drives: on tape, cost per gigabyte is very low for large volumes, but the individual drives and media are expensive. Media have a very high capacity and very fast transfer speeds, but store data sequentially and are very wearisome for random access of information. While disk-based fill-in is now the primary medium of pick for nigh companies, tape fill-in is still popular for taking data off-site for worst-case scenarios and for very large volumes (more than a few hundreds of TB). See LTO tapes.

Floppy disk [edit]

Size comparison of a flash drive and a three.5-inch floppy disk. The flash drive tin can hold about 11,380 times more information.

Floppy disk drives are rarely fitted to modern computers and are obsolete for normal purposes, although internal and external drives can be fitted if required. Floppy disks may be the method of selection for transferring data to and from very old computers without USB or booting from floppy disks, and then they are sometimes used to change the firmware on, for instance, BIOS chips. Devices with removable storage like older Yamaha music keyboards are too dependent on floppy disks, which crave computers to process them. Newer devices are built with USB flash drive support.

Floppy deejay hardware emulators be which effectively utilize the internal connections and physical attributes of a floppy disk drive to utilise a device where a USB flash drive emulates the storage space of a floppy disk in a solid state form, and can be divided into a number of individual virtual floppy disk images using individual data channels.

Optical media [edit]

The various writable and re-writable forms of CD and DVD are portable storage media supported by the vast majority of computers as of 2008. CD-R, DVD-R, and DVD+R can exist written to only one time, RW varieties upwards to virtually 1,000 erase/write cycles, while mod NAND-based wink drives often last for 500,000 or more than erase/write cycles. DVD-RAM discs are the most suitable optical discs for data storage involving much rewriting.

Optical storage devices are among the cheapest methods of mass data storage afterward the hard drive. They are slower than their flash-based counterparts. Standard 120 mm optical discs are larger than flash drives and more subject area to harm. Smaller optical media do be, such as business card CD-Rs which accept the aforementioned dimensions as a credit card, and the slightly less convenient only higher capacity 80 mm recordable MiniCD and Mini DVD. The small-scale discs are more expensive than the standard size, and do non work in all drives.

Universal Deejay Format (UDF) version ane.l and in a higher place has facilities to support rewritable discs like sparing tables and virtual allocation tables, spreading usage over the entire surface of a disc and maximising life, simply many older operating systems do not support this format. Packet-writing utilities such as DirectCD and InCD are available merely produce discs that are not universally readable (although based on the UDF standard). The Mount Rainier standard addresses this shortcoming in CD-RW media by running the older file systems on top of it and performing defect management for those standards, but it requires support from both the CD/DVD burner and the operating organisation. Many drives fabricated today exercise not back up Mountain Rainier, and many older operating systems such as Windows XP and beneath, and Linux kernels older than 2.vi.two, do not support it (later versions do). Essentially CDs/DVDs are a practiced way to record a nifty deal of information cheaply and have the advantage of being readable past most standalone players, but they are poor at making ongoing small changes to a big collection of information. Flash drives' ability to practice this is their major advantage over optical media.

Flash retentivity cards [edit]

Three unlike Micro Center-branded digital media, showing a USB flash bulldoze, an SD card, and a Micro-SD bill of fare, all having a capacity of viii GiB, next to a U.Due south 5-cent coin for size comparing

Wink memory cards, e.m., Secure Digital cards, are available in various formats and capacities, and are used past many consumer devices. All the same, while virtually all PCs have USB ports, allowing the use of USB wink drives, retentivity card readers are not commonly supplied as standard equipment (especially with desktop computers). Although inexpensive bill of fare readers are bachelor that read many common formats, this results in two pieces of portable equipment (card plus reader) rather than ane.

Some manufacturers, aiming at a "all-time of both worlds" solution, have produced card readers that arroyo the size and course of USB flash drives (e.g., Kingston MobileLite,[71] SanDisk MobileMate[72]) These readers are limited to a specific subset of retentivity card formats (such every bit SD, microSD, or Memory Stick), and often completely enclose the menu, offering durability and portability approaching, if not quite equal to, that of a wink drive. Although the combined price of a mini-reader and a memory card is normally slightly higher than a USB wink drive of comparable capacity, the reader + card solution offers additional flexibility of apply, and virtually "unlimited" capacity. The ubiquity of SD cards is such that, circa 2011, due to economies of calibration, their price is now less than an equivalent-chapters USB wink drive, fifty-fifty with the added price of a USB SD menu reader.

An additional advantage of memory cards is that many consumer devices (e.g., digital cameras, portable music players) cannot make use of USB flash drives (fifty-fifty if the device has a USB port), whereas the memory cards used past the devices can exist read by PCs with a bill of fare reader.

External hard disk [edit]

Peculiarly with the advent of USB, external hard disks have go widely available and inexpensive. External hd drives currently cost less per gigabyte than flash drives and are bachelor in larger capacities. Some hard drives support alternative and faster interfaces than USB 2.0 (e.chiliad., Thunderbolt, FireWire and eSATA). For consecutive sector writes and reads (for case, from an unfragmented file), virtually hard drives can provide a much college sustained information rate than current NAND flash retentivity, though mechanical latencies seriously impact hard drive performance.

Unlike solid-state memory, difficult drives are susceptible to damage past shock (e.thousand., a short fall) and vibration, have limitations on use at high altitude, and although they are shielded past their casings, they are vulnerable when exposed to strong magnetic fields. In terms of overall mass, hard drives are usually larger and heavier than flash drives; however, hard disks sometimes weigh less per unit of storage. Like flash drives, hard disks also suffer from file fragmentation, which can reduce access speed[ citation needed ].

Obsolete devices [edit]

Audio tape cassettes and high-capacity floppy disks (e.thou., Imation SuperDisk), and other forms of drives with removable magnetic media, such as the Iomega Nil drive and Jaz drives, are at present largely obsolete and rarely used. There are products in today's market place that will emulate these legacy drives for both tape and disk (SCSI1/SCSI2, SASI, Magneto optic, Ricoh ZIP, Jaz, IBM3590/ Fujitsu 3490E and Bernoulli for example) in country-of-the-art Compact Flash storage devices – CF2SCSI.

Encryption and security [edit]

As highly portable media, USB flash drives are easily lost or stolen. All USB flash drives can have their contents encrypted using third-party disk encryption software, which can often be run direct from the USB drive without installation (for case, FreeOTFE), although some, such as BitLocker, require the user to have administrative rights on every figurer it is run on.

Archiving software can achieve a similar result by creating encrypted ZIP or RAR files.[73] [74]

Some manufacturers have produced USB flash drives which employ hardware-based encryption as part of the design,[75] removing the demand for third-party encryption software. In express circumstances these drives have been shown to have security issues, and are typically more expensive than software-based systems, which are available for complimentary.

A minority of flash drives support biometric fingerprinting to confirm the user's identity. Equally of mid-2005[update],[ needs update ] this was an expensive alternative to standard password protection offered on many new USB wink storage devices. Most fingerprint scanning drives rely upon the host operating system to validate the fingerprint via a software driver, frequently restricting the drive to Microsoft Windows computers. Nevertheless, there are USB drives with fingerprint scanners which use controllers that allow access to protected data without whatever authentication.[76]

Some manufacturers deploy concrete authentication tokens in the form of a flash bulldoze. These are used to control access to a sensitive organization by containing encryption keys or, more commonly, communicating with security software on the target machine. The system is designed so the target motorcar will not operate except when the flash bulldoze device is plugged into it. Some of these "PC lock" devices also role every bit normal flash drives when plugged into other machines.

Controversies [edit]

Criticisms [edit]

Failures [edit]

Like all flash memory devices, flash drives can sustain only a limited number of write and erase cycles before the drive fails.[77] [ unreliable source? ] [78] This should exist a consideration when using a flash drive to run application software or an operating system. To accost this, equally well equally infinite limitations, some developers have produced special versions of operating systems (such as Linux in Live USB)[79] or commonplace applications (such every bit Mozilla Firefox) designed to run from flash drives. These are typically optimized for size and configured to identify temporary or intermediate files in the computer'south main RAM rather than store them temporarily on the flash drive.

When used in the same manner every bit external rotating drives (difficult drives, optical drives, or floppy drives), i.e. in ignorance of their applied science, USB drives' failure is more likely to be sudden: while rotating drives can fail instantaneously, they more oftentimes give some indication (noises, slowness) that they are about to neglect, often with enough advance alarm that data can exist removed before total failure. USB drives give little or no accelerate warning of failure. Furthermore, when internal wearable-leveling is applied to prolong life of the flash drive, one time failure of even part of the memory occurs it can be difficult or impossible to use the remainder of the drive, which differs from magnetic media, where bad sectors tin be marked permanently non to exist used.[80]

Most USB flash drives do not include a write protection mechanism. This feature, which gradually became less common, consists of a switch on the housing of the drive itself, that prevents the host estimator from writing or modifying data on the bulldoze. For case, write protection makes a device suitable for repairing virus-contaminated host computers without the take chances of infecting a USB flash bulldoze itself. In contrast to SD cards, write protection on USB flash drives (when available) is continued to the drive circuitry, and is handled by the drive itself instead of the host (on SD cards handling of the write-protection notch is optional).

A drawback to the small physical size of flash drives is that they are easily misplaced or otherwise lost. This is a item problem if they contain sensitive data (see data security). As a outcome, some manufacturers accept added encryption hardware to their drives, although software encryption systems which tin can exist used in conjunction with whatever mass storage medium will achieve the same outcome. Virtually drives can exist attached to keychains or lanyards. The USB plug is usually retractable or fitted with a removable protective cap.

Robustness [edit]

About USB-based flash technology integrates a printed circuit lath with a metal tip, which is simply soldered on. As a result, the stress point is where the two pieces join. The quality control of some manufacturers does non ensure a proper solder temperature, farther weakening the stress point.[81] [82] Since many flash drives stick out from computers, they are likely to be bumped repeatedly and may break at the stress signal. Most of the time, a interruption at the stress point tears the joint from the printed circuit board and results in permanent damage. Nonetheless, some manufacturers produce discreet flash drives that do not stick out, and others use a solid metal or plastic uni-torso that has no easily discernible stress signal. SD cards serve equally a good culling to USB drives since they can be inserted flush.

Security threats [edit]

USB killer [edit]

In advent similar to a USB flash drive, a USB killer is a circuit that charges up capacitors to a loftier voltage using the power supply pins of a USB port then discharges high voltage pulses onto the data pins. This completely standalone device can instantly and permanently harm or destroy any host hardware that it is connected to.[83]

"Flash Drives for Freedom" [edit]

The New York-based Human Rights Foundation collaborated with Forum 280 and USB Memory Straight to launch the "Flash Drives for Freedom" programme.[84] [85] The plan was created in 2016 to smuggle wink drives with American and Due south Korean movies and television shows, likewise as a re-create of the Korean Wikipedia, into North korea to spread pro-Western sentiment.[86] [87]

Electric current and future developments [edit]

The internals of a 32 GB Toshiba USB 3.0 flash drive. The USB 3.0 standard is condign increasingly popular. This bulldoze has a write speed of lx MB/southward and a read speed of 120 MB/s, making it faster than the USB 2.0 standard.

Semiconductor corporations have worked to reduce the cost of the components in a wink drive by integrating diverse wink drive functions in a single scrap, thereby reducing the part-count and overall package-cost.

Flash drive capacities on the marketplace increment continually. High speed has get a standard for modern flash drives. Capacities exceeding 256 GB were available on the market equally early on as 2009.[69]

Lexar is attempting to introduce a USB FlashCard, which would be a compact USB flash bulldoze intended to supersede various kinds of wink memory cards. Pretec introduced a similar card, which also plugs into any USB port, but is just 1 quarter the thickness of the Lexar model.[88] Until 2008, SanDisk manufactured a product called SD Plus, which was a SecureDigital card with a USB connector.[89]

SanDisk has also introduced a new technology to allow controlled storage and usage of copyrighted materials on flash drives, primarily for use by students. This technology is termed FlashCP.

See also [edit]

  • Listing of computer hardware
  • Memristor
  • Microdrive
  • Nonvolatile BIOS memory
  • Portable application
  • ReadyBoost
  • Sneakernet
  • Solid-land drive (SSD)
  • USB dead drib
  • USB Flash Drive Alliance
  • Windows To Go
  • Disk enclosure
  • External storage

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Jumpdrive is a Lexar trademark.[two] Less common names are deejay key, disk on central (afterwards the original K-Systems DiskOnKey drive from 2000),[3] flash stick, gig stick, retentiveness stick (non to exist confused with the Sony Memory Stick), pen drive, USB bulldoze, USB key, USB retentiveness, or USB stick. For an incomplete list of culling names, run across the list of redirects to this article.

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  5. ^ 1 TB = 1 thousand gigabytes
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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drive